Manifest Destiny and the Genocide of the Native American...

A. Plan of the Investigation I. Subject of the Investigation How did the Manifest Destiny ideal affect the Native Americans in the 1830’s? II. Methods a. Research about the origins of Manifest Destiny and the history of the Native Americans from 1830 to 1839. There were two websites that we particularly helpful to me. Reliability, how recently it was updated and how easily it could be edited by Internet users were the main criteria used when selecting a website. b. Writing a rough bibliography y about the topic c. Selection and reading of books pertaining to Native Americas, and Manifest Destiny. Criteria: the most factually accurate. B. Summary of Evidence In the 1830’s America was highly influenced by the Manifest Destiny†¦show more content†¦This forced excavation of the Native Americans lead to a massive number of deaths among the tribes. C. Evaluation of the Sources America’s Westward Expansion was published on suite101, an American History website, in February 2007 and was written by K.C. Morgan. K.C. Morgan is a professional freelance writer who has written various articles and blog posts that appear on a range of websites. After several years of writing fantasy fiction, she decided to write about the real world she faces everyday. During her years of writing professionally, however, she has covered a wide range of topics. The purpose of America’s Westward Expansion is to provide a very ‘native American friendly’ view of the manifest destiny ideal. This article, though very one-sided, had great value to me. In it the author stated that the famous phrase â€Å"manifest destiny† was coined by a journalist in 1844. This information enlightened me about the fact that the idea of manifest destiny existed and was being executed for many years before it was actually given a name. This was not something I had ever given thought to, however, I had the misconceived notion that the word came before the definition, which is a false statement when pertaining to any topic. Though it presented some very interesting information, this website was limiting in the fact that it only presented information that was veryShow MoreRelatedThe Ethnic Cleansing Of The United States1237 Words   |  5 Pageslebensraum, the idea of Manifest Destiny in the United States transposed to a German-defining East in Poland and Russia. Inspired by the stories of May and lebensraum, Hitler repeatedly compared Manifest Destiny in the United States and a German-defining East in Poland and Russia. To what extent did western fiction influence the political landscape and Hitler’s War in East Europe? Historians have argued that Hitler was inspired by the stories of May and Manifest Destiny in the United States. HistorianRead MoreThe Discovery Of The 19th Century1511 Words   |  7 Pagescentury Americans saw it as their duty to accomplish what many might believe to be unrealistic, to connect North America from coast to coast. Manifest Destiny is a term that describes the attitude that many Americans had during this era of transformation and progression. Americans claimed the right to bring civilization westward and transform the unknown world into a land where men could live and be free. However, with this movement of progression Westward meant destruction for many Native AmericansRead MoreAmerican Manifest Destiny and the Genocide of the American Indian1739 Words   |  7 PagesUnited States Manifest Destiny and the Genocide of the American Indian Manifest Destiny is a phrase used to express the belief that the United States had a mission to expand its borders, thereby spreading its form of democracy and freedom. 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Before Europeans arrived in present-day America, the Native Americans were living on millions of acres of land their ancestors had occupied and cultivated. Many Native AmericansRead MoreThe New World974 Words   |  4 Pages Impressions are perhaps the only valuable information one has to tackle the unknown. Much like To understand the Genesis of stereotypes one must first understand what stereotypes are. In Celluloids Indians Jacquelyn Kilpatrick describes stereotypes as such, â€Å"‘ [s] tereotypes are evaluative concepts about status and roles and as such are central to interpreting and evaluating social groups including one’s own.†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (xvi) Kilpatrick explores â€Å"the social, ideological and political construction†(xvi) ofRead More Andrew Jackson Essay981 Words   |  4 Pagesthe American people, even the more unsavory ones. He was a war hero that exemplified the strength and tenacity by which America has defined itself over the generations. He acted in all ways with concern for the growth of the American nation, both at home and overseas. Even his now unquestionably negative actions, such as the Indian Removal Act, were done at the time not only in the interest of the citizens of the united states , but in regard (however misguided) to the survival of the Indian nations

Juvenile Delinquency Week 8 Jose - 1344 Words

This term paper looks at an account involving a juvenile delinquent Josà © and juvenile delinquents in broad and those in disagreement with the rule and the law in particular. It scrutinizes the status or condition of the American juvenile justice arrangement or system and tries to explore the motive or the grounds behind children finally resorting to delinquent vices in concurrence with the offences they usually engage in are indicted of committing. Even as the study investigates both social and cultural aspects behind the commission of these vices, it also categorically focuses on the children’s pliability to try to succeed in life. Josà © in this case is a young delinquent child with a history of participation and involvement in deviant†¦show more content†¦In presentation of the case, Prosecutor David Soares admitted that they had looked every aspect of level of Jose involvement in the assault and how criminal the act was, and how culpable was he. He mentions that they had established that his involvement in the actions was on a minimum level. They appealed for him budge to adult court and plead guilty, but to a slighter accusation of unintentional manslaughter. He did precisely what he was asked to. After his confession, Josà © moved to a psychosomatic assessment at the California Youth Authority. He advanced an approving estimation that the psychologist concerned recommended that he was not likely to be a threat to public safety as he stopped engaging in substance abuse (http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/juvenile/four/jose.html). Juvenile courts are more informal in procedure and are c oncerned with the welfare of the children rather than the punishment of the children. Due to his recurring immoral and criminal behavior, the reality that he almost short of clocking the standard age, eighteen years, and the actuality that he had committed numerous offences, previously tried for while on probation from the California Youth Authority, court prosecutors wanted to have Jose tried and charged in mature and adult court for his most recent offenses. According to the laws governing the country, persons between the ages of seven to seventeen is the are regarded as juveniles.Show MoreRelatedChildren of Incarcerated Parents Essay1814 Words   |  8 Pagesthere was an estimate of approximately 1.7 million children of incarcerated parents in the United States (Poehlmann, Dallaire, Loper Shear 2010). Of those 1.7 million children, 58% of those children are under the age of 10, with the mean age being 8 (Travis Waul 2003). The children of incarcerated parents are often moved from one family and one school to the next. 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This book is dedicated to them. For the 2012 edition: This book is dedicated to my wife Hellan whose good advice has improved the book in many ways. vi Table of Contents Preface

Night By Elie Wiesel (665 words) Essay Example For Students

Night By Elie Wiesel (665 words) Essay Night By Elie WieselNever shall I forget that night, the first night in camp, which has turned mylife into one long night, seven times cursed and seven times sealed. Never shallI forget that smoke. Never shall I forget the little faces of the children,whose bodies I saw turned into wreaths of smoke beneath a silent blue sky. Nevershall I forget those flames which consumed my faith forever. Never shall Iforget that nocturnal silence which deprived me, for all eternity, of the desireto live. Never shall I forget those moments which murdered my God and my souland turned my dreams to dust. Never shall I forget these things, even if I amcondemned to live as long as God Himself. Never. -Elie Wiesel TheHolocaust-the mass murder of European Jews by the Nazis during World War II. Itwas the unthinkable, the horrific murder of 6 million Jews and millions ofcivilians of different ethnic and racial backgrouds. It was average men enteringthe German army and turned into Nazis, cold-blooded killers. It was theconnotation of Holocaust which became Night, by Elie Wiesel. This paints apicture, full of vivid imagery and truth, about the genocide of his own people.Elie witnesses the starvation, brutal beating, and eventual death of hisfriends, family, and fellow Jews. Wiesel, himself, survived Auschwitz, Buna,Buchenwald, and Gleiwitz, all German concentration camps, where atrocities suchas cremation and murder hung thickly in the air like a heavy cologne. BornSeptember 30, 1928, Eliezer Wiesel led a life representative of many Jewishchildren. Growing up in a small village in Romania, his world revolved aroundfamily, religious study, community, and God. Yet his family, community, and hisinnocent faith were destroyed upon the deportation of his village in 1944. Oneof the main topics in this book is how Elie, a boy of strong religious faith,along with many of his fellow jews, lose their faith in God due to the horrificeffects of the concentration camps. Elie Wiesel lived his early childhood in thetown of Transylvania, in Hungary, during the early 1940s. At a young age, Elietook a strong interest in Jewish religion, while he spent most of his timestudying the Talmud. Eventually he makes aquaintances with Moshe the Beadle whotakes Elie under his wing, and also instructs him more in depth of the ways ofthe Talmud and cabbala. Elie is taught to question God for answers throughMoshes instruction. Moshe is sent away to a concentration camp, and upon hisreturn, Elie finds that he has changed dramatically. This is a foreshadowing ofwhat will become of Elies faith in the strength and power of God. Moshehad changed. ..He no longer talked to me of God or the cabbala, but only of whathe had seen.(4) The first evidence of Elies loss of faith, is while hequestions God during the selection process. This process is concerned withseparating the young, strong, and healthy Jews, from the old, weak, sickly,and/or infants. The Jews were separated from their loved ones who wereimmediately sent to the crematory or burned in large fire pits. Elie saysgoodbye to his mother and sister, unknowing that it will be the last time thathe will ever see them again. Many of his fellow Jews began to pray and recitethe Kaddish, a Jewish prayer for the dead, with hopes to console their owngrievances for the loss they had suffered. However, Elie questions, Whyshould I bless His name? The Eternal, Lord of the Universe, the All-Powerful andTerrible, was silent. What had I to thank Him for?(31) Elie witnesses a loadof children being dumped into a pit of flames which he labels as the Angel ofDeath, and at this point, the diminishing effects of the first night of camplife are already taking a toll on Elies religious faith and personalself-worth. The final deterioration of Elies idea of God, where he renouncesall belief in His existence, is during the funeral of 3 Jewish males who werehanged the day before. One of whom was a child, so mere in weight, whom struggle. .u974c0f821a611157d080450f1f3b6ea6 , .u974c0f821a611157d080450f1f3b6ea6 .postImageUrl , .u974c0f821a611157d080450f1f3b6ea6 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u974c0f821a611157d080450f1f3b6ea6 , .u974c0f821a611157d080450f1f3b6ea6:hover , .u974c0f821a611157d080450f1f3b6ea6:visited , .u974c0f821a611157d080450f1f3b6ea6:active { bor der:0!important; } .u974c0f821a611157d080450f1f3b6ea6 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u974c0f821a611157d080450f1f3b6ea6 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u974c0f821a611157d080450f1f3b6ea6:active , .u974c0f821a611157d080450f1f3b6ea6:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u974c0f821a611157d080450f1f3b6ea6 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative; } .u974c0f821a611157d080450f1f3b6ea6 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u974c0f821a611157d080450f1f3b6ea6 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u974c0f821a611157d080450f1f3b6ea6 . ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u974c0f821a611157d080450f1f3b6ea6:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u974c0f821a611157d080450f1f3b6ea6 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left: 18px; top: 0; } .u974c0f821a611157d080450f1f3b6ea6 .u974c0f821a611157d080450f1f3b6ea6-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u974c0f821a611157d080450f1f3b6ea6:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The National Socialist German Workers' Pa rty and nazism Essay

Soft HRM Essay Example

Soft HRM Essay Soft HRM is associated with the concept of a high commitment work system, (Walton, 1985 cited in Truss et al 1997) this is aimed at eliciting a commitment so that behaviour is primarily self regulated rather than controlled by sanctions and pressures external to the individual and relations within the organisation are based on high levels of trust (Wood, 1996. p 41). Trust is a key element associated with soft HRM as by trusting the employees commitment is generated. This is the opposite view to the hard model of HRM, which is based on the assumption that employees are not to be trusted to the high level expressed within the soft model. The hard model assumes that employees are not capable of being left to their own devices but instead that they need constant monitoring if the organisations objectives are to be achieved. This leads to a major conflict between the two models as the soft model places emphasis on the idea that control comes from commitment (Purcell, 1993) rather than through performance systems, performance management and tight control as with the hard model suggests. Storey (1992) stated that it is human capability and commitment which distinguishes successful organisations the human resource ought to be nurtured (p.26). If commitment is to be retained HRM needs to train and develop their employees. This idea is emphasised within the soft model. The need to retain knowledge workers is one of the biggest challenges, which faces organisations today. In America, Ford offered a PC, printer and Internet access to all employees for $5 a month. The idea was that by being able to communicate amongst themselves much more easily, being more able to use the computers at work and becoming more acquainted with the mindset of the e-consumer, that it would make the whole organisation much more customer focused. We will write a custom essay sample on Soft HRM specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Soft HRM specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Soft HRM specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer (Johnson and Scholes, 2002) By training and developing employees there is a potential to create a win-win situation, with employees gaining job security, interesting work and an improved work-life balance, with the best organisations gaining competitive advantage from the best workers (Peter Drucker, 1988, cited in Johnson and Scholes, 2002). Individual development, flexibility, self-fulfilment, high trust, autonomy and adaptability are all aspects that are closely associated with the soft model (Morris et al. 2000). There has been some criticism of these concepts, which the soft model adopts. It has been argued the concepts of commitment, flexibility and quality are somewhat ambiguous and open to debate and interpretation (Purcell, 1993). Flexibility has been noted to come in a number of different forms; it could be to express the value of employee upskilling, development and initiative or the numerical and financial flexibility to be achieved by treating labour as a variable cost-to-be-minimised input (Atkinson, 1984 cited in Legge, 1995). Prieto (1993 cited in Truss et al. 1997) noted three types of flexibility; numerical (flexibility in the number of people in the workforce), wage (where wage adjustments can be linked to profits) and functional (where there is the broadening of skills). He stated that they were all very different and in many respects contradictory. He commented that one method of numerical flexibility may be to alter the size of the workforce by using short-term or temporary contracts at the expense of permanent contracts which would be much more attractive to employees. This would in turn have an effect on the employees level of commitment. Furthermore there is also question as to what is being referred to when commitment is talked about, what exactly is the employee to be committed to? (Legge, 1995). Are employees committed the organisation, work group, immediate supervisor, union or occupation (Legge, 1995). Other criticism has come from Kennoy (1990 cited in Truss et al. 1997) who argues that the goals of quality, flexibility, commitment and integration are not mutually compatible and may be difficult to achieve in practice. There is debate as to whether committed workers are more productive as it has never been proved (Bassett, 1994 cited in Truss et al. 1997). Within the hard model of HRM emphasis is placed on strategic direction, integration and performance managing techniques such as appraisal. Hard HRM is concerned with achieving competitive advantage by the close integration of human resource policies, systems and activities with business strategy. They view the HRM as a way of driving the strategic objectives of the organisation (Legge, 1995). The hard model views the employee as largely a factor of production, along with other resources such as capital and land and an expense of doing business rather than the only resource capable of turning inanimate factors of production into wealth Tyson and Fell, 1986, p. 135 cited in Legge, 1995). The element of integration that the hard model emphasises can be further expanded into two different aspects. The first is the external fit which is the view that the human resource policies and practices are closely linked to the strategic objectives of the organisation and the second is the internal fit which is the coherence of the human resource polices and practices (Baird and Meshoulam, 1988 cited in Truss et al. 1987). Although soft HRM does consider integrating HR policies with business strategies as important, its emphasis is placed on treating employees as valued assets, a source of competitive advantage through their commitment, adaptation and high quality. (Legge, 1995) The stress is therefore on human resource policies that deliver resourceful humans (Morris and Burgoyne, 1973, cited in Legge, 1995) in the case of the soft model. The hard is more about how the HR policies can deliver the organisations objectives rather than developing employees, which can. Although both consider different aspects of the organisation they are necessarily incompatible. It would seem that these two aspects could be brought together to increase the chances of corporate objectives being obtained and competitive advantaged being maximised. A study carried out by Kane and Crawford (1999) looking barriers to effective HRM found that although both hard and soft aspects of HRM are seldom effectively implemented in practice there was little evidence of conflict or incompatibility between the two theoretical perspectives in their results. They also found that HRM effectiveness could be achieved by both approaches as effectiveness is related to both organisational strategy and objectives and to employee motivation and development. Legge (1995) comments that potential tensions however could rise through this aspect of strategic integration, as she believes there to be an amount of contradiction amongst the models. At a surface level she believes that problems arise from ambiguities in the conceptual language of both models. She argues that the problem arises due to the fact that while fit with strategy would argue a contingent design of HRM policy, internal consistency- at least with the soft human resource values associated with mutuality would argue an absolutist approach to the design of employment policy (Legge, 1995). The strategic fit which the hard model refers to can be extremely tight in nature and there is little or no evidence that tight fit leads to positive outcomes. Furthermore it implies that there is no flexibility and rigidity, which could be detrimental to the organisation (Lengnick-Hall and Lengnick- Hall, 1990, cited in Truss et al. 1997). It is argued that fit may not be attainable, or desirable, in a diversified organisation. In conclusion it is clearer to understand why there has been so much difficulty amongst writers and academics to develop a single model of human resource management, which could be used in practice by businesses and organisations. To begin with there is a huge amount of differing opinion as to what exactly human resource management is. It is a relatively new concept and the literature would suggest that it still a huge amount of debate as to exactly what it is. Although models have been developed them are clearly problematic. This essay aimed to compare the hard and soft approaches to HRM to establish if it was possible to incorporate them into a single model. The evidence provided showed that both of the approaches were based on different sets of assumptions with soft HRM placing emphasis on the human element and hard HRM emphasising the resource. It is clear that the incorporation of both hard and soft elements within one model would be problematic with one considering human nature and the other considering managerial control strategies. Apart from these differences each of the models are problematic within themselves. The main assumptions on which the soft approach is based such as flexibility, commitment and quality have been argued by critics to be ambiguous and open to debate. In many instances it is unclear as to what exactly the model is referring to when it uses these concepts. They can take the form of many different meanings and interpretations and if interpreted wrongly can even finish up with a practice, which is hard in approach rather than soft. These three concepts were also viewed by critics as being incompatible and difficult to achieve in practice. This is a major factor that needs to be considered when models are being developed, they may work theoretically but do they work in practice. There are many conflicts and tensions that are evident between these two models such as the soft placing emphasis on self-expression and high trust and the hard model emphasises direction and low trust, this makes it extremely difficult to place the two together in a single model. They both consider strategic integration between business strategies and the HR policies but from conflicting viewpoints. At present the literature is incomplete making it difficult for a single model of HRM to be developed. The flaws in the current models either soft or hard are evident and further work needs to be carried out to clarify exactly what each of the terms within the models is referring to. Theyre a number of weaknesses within the models and these need to be considered and improved. If there was more clarity within the models then perhaps it would be possible to even take elements that are positive from each to create an overall model or theory, which could be used in practice.

A Reading List of 19th Century Novels

A Reading List of 19th Century Novels The novels of the 19th century remain some of the most taught literary works of any period. They not only continue to influence the canon but also cinema and popular culture. Get better acquainted with these groundbreaking works with this reading list, categorized by author. The most popular authors from the eraJane Austen, Charles Dickens and Nathaniel Hawthorneappear on this list in alphabetical order. Alcott, Louisa May Little Women Austen, Jane EmmaMansfield ParkPersuasionPride and Prejudice Blackmore, Richard Doddridge Lorna Doone Braddon, Mary Elizabeth Lady Audley’s Secret Bronte, Charlotte Jane EyreVillette Bronte, Emily Wuthering Heights Burnett, Frances Hodgson The Secret Garden Butler, Samuel Erewhon Carlyle, Thomas Sartor Resartus Carroll, Lewis Alice in WonderlandThrough the Looking Glass Collins, Wilkie ArmadaleNo NameThe MoonstoneThe Woman in White Doyle, Sir Arthur Conan Rodney StoneA Study in Scarlet Conrad, Joseph Heart of DarknessLord Jim Cooper, James Fenimore The Last of the MohicansThe Prairie Crane, Stephen Red Badge of Courage Dickens, Charles Bleak HouseDavid CopperfieldDombey Son DGreat ExpectationsHard TimesLittle DorrittMystery Of Edwin DroodNicholas NicklebyThe Old Curiosity ShopOliver TwistPickwick PapersTale of Two Cities Disraeli, Benjamin Sybil, or The Two Nations Dostoevski, Fedor Brothers KaramazovCrime and PunishmentThe Idiot Dreiser, Theodore Sister Carrie Dumas, Alexandre The Count of Monte CristoThree Musketeers Eliot, George Adam BedeDaniel DerondaMiddlemarchMill on the FlossSilas Marner Flaubert, Gustave Madame BovaryA Sentimental Education Gaskell, Elizabeth CranfordWives and Daughters Gissing, George New Grub Street Goethe, Johann Wolfgang Von Elective Affinities Gogol, Nikolai Dead Souls Hardy, Thomas Far from the Madding CrowdJude the ObscureThe Mayor of CasterbridgeThe Return of the NativeTess of the d’UrbervillesThe WoodlandersUnder the Greenwood Tree Hawthorne, Nathaniel Blithedale RomanceScarlet Letter Hugo, Victor Les MiserablesThe Hunchback of Notre-Dame de Paris James, Henry The AmericanThe BostoniansDaisy MillerThe EuropeansPortrait of a LadyWashington Square Le Fanu, Sheridan Uncle Silas MacDonald, George LilithPhantastes Melville, Herman Moby DickRedburnTypee Meredith, George Diana of the CrosswaysThe Egoist Norris, Frank McTeague Oliphant, Margaret The Perpetual CurateSalem Chapel Scott, Sir Walter The AntiquaryThe Heart of Mid-LothianIvanhoe Sewall, Anna Black Beauty Shelley, Mary Wollstonecraft Frankenstein Stevenson, Robert L Catriona (aka David Balfour)KidnappedThe Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr HydeTreasure Island Stoker, Bram Dracula Stowe, Harriet Beecher Uncle Tom’s Cabin Thackeray, William M Barry LyndonThe History of Henry EsmondThe NewcomesVanity Fair Tolstoy, Leo Anna KareninaResurrectionThe Forged CouponWar and Peace Trollope, Anthony Ayalas AngelFramley ParsonageBarchester TowersJohn CaldigateThe Last Chronicle of BarsetMarion FayPhineas FinnThe Prime MinisterThe WardenThe Way We Live Now Turgenev, Ivan Fathers and Children Twain, Mark The Adventures of Huckleberry FinnAdventures of Tom SawyerPersonal Recollections of Joan of Arc Verne, Jules Around the World in 80 DaysJourney to the Center of the Earth20,000 Leagues Under the Sea Wells, HG Invisible ManIsland of Dr MoreauThe Time MachineWar of the Worlds Wilde, Oscar Picture of Dorian Gray Zola, Emile L’AssommoirTherese Raquin

Composites In Boeings 787 Dreamliner

Composites In Boeing's 787 Dreamliner What is the average density of the materials used in a modern airliner? Whatever it is, the reduction in average density has been huge since the Wright Brothers flew the first practical airplane. The drive to reduce weight in airplanes is aggressive and continuous and accelerated by rapidly climbing fuel prices. This drive lowers specific fuel costs, improves the range/payload equation and helps the environment. Composites play a major part in modern airplanes and the Boeing Dreamliner is no exception in maintaining the decreasing weight trend. Composites and Weight Reduction The Douglas DC3 (dating back to 1936) had a take-off weight of about 25,200 pounds with a passenger complement of about 25. With a maximum payload range of 350 miles, thats about 3 pounds per passenger mile. The Boeing Dreamliner has a take-off weight of 550,000 pounds carrying 290 passengers. With a fully loaded range of over 8,000 miles, thats roughly  ¼ pound per passenger mile - 1100% better! Jet engines, better design, weight saving technology such as fly by wire - all have contributed to the quantum leap - but composites have had a huge part to play. They are used in the Dreamliner airframe, the engines, and many other components. Use of Composites in the Dreamliner Airframe The Dreamliner has an airframe comprising nearly 50% carbon fiber reinforced plastic and other composites. This approach offers weight savings on average of 20 per cent compared to more conventional (and outdated) aluminum designs. Composites in the airframe have maintenance advantages too. A typically bonded repair may require 24 or more hours of airplane downtime but Boeing has developed a new line of maintenance repair capability that requires less than an hour to apply. This speedy technique offers the possibility for temporary repairs and a quick turnaround whereas such minor damage might have grounded an aluminum airplane. That is an intriguing perspective. The fuselage is constructed in tubular segments which are then joined together during final assembly. The use of composites is said to save 50,000 rivets per plane. Each rivet site would have required maintenance checking as a potential failure location. And thats just rivets! Composites in the Engines The Dreamliner has GE (GEnx-1B) and Rolls Royce (Trent 1000) engine options, and both use composites extensively. The nacelles (inlet and fan cowls) are an obvious candidate for composites. However, composites are even used in the fan blades of the GE engines. The blade technology has advanced tremendously since the days of the Rolls-Royce RB211. The early technology bankrupted the company in 1971 when its Hyfil carbon fiber fan blades failed in bird strike tests. General Electric has led the way with titanium-tipped composite fan blade technology since 1995. In the Dreamliner power plant, composites are used for the first 5 stages of the 7 stage low-pressure turbine. More About Less Weight What about some numbers? The GE power plants light weight fan containment case reduces aircraft weight by 1200 pounds (more than  ½ ton). The case is reinforced with carbon fiber braid. That is just the fan case weight saving, and it is an important indicator of the strength/weight benefits of composites. This is because a fan case has to contain all debris in case of a fan failure. If it will not contain the debris then the engine cannot be certified for flight. Weight saved in blade turbine blades also saves weight in the required containment case and rotors. This multiplies its saving and improving its power/weight ratio. In total each Dreamliner contains about 70,000 pounds (33 tons) of carbon fiber reinforced plastic - of which about 45,000 (20 tons) pounds is carbon fiber. Conclusion The early design and production problems of using composites in airplanes have now been overcome. The Dreamliner is at the peak of airplane fuel efficiency, minimized environmental impact and safety. With reduced component counts, lower levels of maintenance checking and greater airtime, the support costs are significantly reduced for airline operators. From fan blades to fuselage, wings to washrooms, the Dreamliners efficiency would be impossible without advanced composites.

Clean Water Act regulate oil spills in the United States (LAW) Essay

Clean Water Act regulate oil spills in the United States (LAW) - Essay Example e section of CWA that prohibits the discharge of threshold amounts of oil or hazardous substances into navigable waters of the United States is Section 311(b)(3) (Oil Spills/SPCC 1). Section 311(j) of CWA reduces the chances of oil spill and prevents the accidental release of stored oil in navigable waters by mandating facilities to prepare Spill Prevention, Control, and Countermeasure (SPCC) plans by storing oil in significant quantities (Oil Spills/SPCC 1). The SPCC plans must be in accordance with the National Contingency Plan (NCP) (Chapter Eight 4). For facilities that have a greater risk of oil spills from storage are required to develop plans to respond rapidly in case of oil spills and clean up. The SPCC plans have to be implemented by the facilities that have the total oil product storage of aboveground greater than 1320 gallons or underground more than 4200 gallons or aboveground storage of more than 660 gallons (Pollution Control 4). The SPCC plans must be in agreement with 40 CFR 112.7 and reviewed and certified by Registered Professional Engineer (Pollution Control 4). It must be reviewed by the facilities every three years or every time there is a change in the operator (Pollution Control 4). The copy of SPCC plan must be available with the operator who is attending 8 hours/day (Pollution Control 4). Periodic training must be provided to facility personnel, operator, and management for the spill prevention and response to oil spills (Pollution Control 4). Above storage tanks more than 660 gallons must be provided with secondary containment (Pollution Control 4). Appropriate cleanup equipments must be used to prevent oil spills from reaching navigable waters (Pollution Control 4). For drained water from the diked areas, a control valve must be used to lock when in use (Pollution Control 4). In case of oil spill or discharge in navigable water or in waters of contiguous zone, it must be brought to the notice of management authority of the United